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7 Phytochemical and Pharmacological Accounts of Some Reviewed Plants With Antidiabetic Potential

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Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant Potential, and Medicinal Significance of Ficus

Submitted: January 14th, 2019 Reviewed: Apr 26th, 2019 Published: Nov 27th, 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.86562

From the Edited Volume

Modern Fruit Industry

Edited by Ibrahim Kahramanoglu, Nesibe Ebru Kafkas, Ayzin Küden and Songül Çömlekçioğlu

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Abstract

Ficus, a genus of plant family Moraceae, includes about 850 species. Most of the species of Ficus are used as a source of diet for humans. The roots, aeriform roots, stem, bawl, leaves, latex, fruit, and pulp of the Ficus plants are medicinally important due to the presence of a variety of bioactive phytochemical compounds, such as polyphenols, phenolic acids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, flavonols, anthocyanins, carotenoids, glycosides, polysaccharides, reducing compounds, and vitamins Thou, E, and C. Nearly of these phytochemical compounds possess potent antioxidant potential in terms of metal chelating, metal reducing, lipid reducing, and free radical scavenging capacities, which may be helpful in reducing the oxidative stress in the biological systems. On account of their high phytochemical content and strong antioxidant potential, these plants prove several biological activities including antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and renal-protective, and anticancer activities. These plants have been found to be constructive in the treatment of diabetes, stomachache, piles, skin diseases, inflammation, and cancer.

Keywords

  • Moraceae
  • Ficus
  • Phytochemical limerick
  • Antioxidant potential
  • Medicinal significance

1. Introduction

Ficus is a genus of family unit Moraceae and consists of almost 850 species. About 200 different varieties of Ficus are present equally woody copse, shrubs and vines in the forests of tropical and subtropical regions [1]. Nigh 500 species of Ficus are found in the region of Asia and Commonwealth of australia [2]. Some species of Ficus are besides grown equally indoor as well as outdoor ornamental plants. Ficus species are rich in nutritional components and used as a source food in Egypt, India, south People's republic of china, Turkey and Malaysia. The plants of Ficus species are well known in the field of traditional medicine. Ficus species have been found to be rich source of phenolic acrid and flavonoids which make them able to protect against disorders of oxidative stress [iii]. Excerpt of these plants have been reported to be effective in the treatment of diabetes, stomachache, piles, ulcer, dysentery, inflammation, oxidative stress and cancer [4]. Ethno-medicinal uses of Ficus plants take been likewise supported past their anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities [5].

Ficus plants are among the primeval cultivated fruit and ornamental tree which attract birds and mammals. Ficus species, such as, Ficus carica , Ficus religiosa , Ficus benghalensis and Ficus racemosa are the most important species of this genus as a spiritual, religious and historical plants to be used as folk medicine to treat various ailments, infectious diseases and cancer [6, 7]. Various parts of Ficus religiosa , have been reported to be used to treat high fever, chronic asthma and cancer and regulate menstrual bike [8, nine, 10, xi]. Ficus carica also known as edible fig, its fruit had been used from aboriginal times due to its action against cancer, hepatomegaly, ulcer, platelets and inflammatory disorders. Leaves of Ficus carica used to treat dermatitis. It can activate potassium ATP channels and, hence, is used effectively in gut movement [12]. Ficus racemosa traditionally named as sacred fig is popular as its latex is used in treatment of ulcer, tumor, gout and aphrodisiac and fruits are used as laxative and digestive due to antitumor and antibacterial activeness [thirteen]. Ficus benghalensis commonly called Indian banyan has been reported to possess anti-insulinase, anthelmintic, and antitumor activity [fourteen, 15]. Dissimilar species of Ficus shows unlike colors due to the presence of various pigments like polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins. The skin of Ficus fruits contains comparatively higher content of phytochemicals and antioxidants than fruit lurid [xvi]. The wood of the Ficus plants contains latex like material inside their vasculatures that provide protection and wound healing from concrete assaults [17].

The genus Ficus is classified as:

Domain Eukaryota
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Viridaeplantae
Phylum Tracheophyta
Subphylum Euphyllopsidia
Infra phylum Radiatopses
Partition Magnoliophyte
Course Magnoliopsida
Bracket Dilleniidae
Superorder Urticaneae
Lodge Urticales
Family Moraceae
Genus Ficus

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2. Biochemical and nutritional composition

Since ancient times, Ficus species has been used as a source of nutrient to improve the health of mankind [17]. Well-nigh of the species of Ficus are used in industrial products as nourishing foods. These are composed mainly of water, lipids, essential amino acids, minerals and vitamins [xviii]. Ficus genus worked as nutrient additives that apply frequently equally wellness-promoting Mediterranean diet. It has great importance equally nutraceutical and in biopharmaceutical industries [19]. They are known every bit rich sources of amino acids that are totally costless from cholesterol and fatty contents. Ficus carica is an fantabulous source of minerals containing copper, manganese, magnesium, potassium and calcium according to human needs [15, 20, 21, 22].

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3. Phytochemicals of Ficus species

Phytochemicals are the bioactive components of plants having great importance in pharmaceutical and medicinal field. The genus Ficus consist of a multifariousness of phytochemicals including phenolics, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins, coumarins, volatile components, glycosides, saponins, carotenoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids and vitamins. Most of these phytochemical compounds show health promoting effects in man due to their stiff antioxidant potential. Higher concentrations of phytochemicals are responsible for the stiff antioxidant potential of plants of genus Ficus and are helpful in the prevention of certain cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and hepatic diseases caused by oxidative stress [23]. The phytochemical quality of various parts of some of the species of Ficus is presented in Table 1. Information technology is reported that the roots, stalk bark or wood, branches, fruit lurid, peel, leaves, and seeds of different species of Ficus plant contain the flavonoids and phenolic compounds as major phytochemical components along with polyphenol, polysterols and triterpenoids. The phytochemical content of various parts of some of the species of Ficus in terms of total phenolic, flavonoids, flavonols, ascorbic acid, alkaloids, saponins and anthocyanins contents in different solvents is presented in Table two. The leaves and fruit lurid of various species of Ficus accept been establish to show relatively higher concentration of phenolic components due to which these parts comparatively accept greater pharmacological also as medicinal usage.

Ficus species Plant parts Extracting solvent Class Phytochemical components References
Ficus religiosa Barks Water, methanol, organic solvents, helium Polysterols Bergapten, bergaptol, lanosterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol-d-glucoside (Phytosterolin) [24, 25]
Flavonoids Leucocyanidin-3-O-β-glucopyranosid, leucopelargonidin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, leucopelargonidin-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, lupeol, cetyl behenate, acetate and α-amyrin acetate
Polyphenols Tannin, wax, saponin, leucoanthocyanidin, leucoanthocyanin
Fruit Water Flavonols Kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin [26, 27]
Miscellaneous compounds Undecane, tridecane, tetradecane, (due east)-β-ocimene β-bourbonene, β-caryophyllene, α-trans bergamotene, α-thujene, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpinene, limonene, dendrolasine, dendrolasine α-ylangene, α-copaene, aromadendrene, α-humulene, alloaromadendrene, germacrene, bicycle-germacrene, γ-cadinene and δ-cadinene
Leaves Ethanol Polyphenols Eugenol, 2-phenylethyl alcohol, and benzyl booze, hexenol, northward-hexanol, phytol, benzyl alcohol [28]
Miscellaneous compounds Phenol, salicylaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, allyl caproate, linalool, due north-nonanal, adipoin, methylcyclopentane, 2-dione, itaconic anhydride, ii-phenylethyl alcohol, benzeneacetonitrile, nonadienal, nonen-one-ol, nonadienol, linalool oxide, catechol, coumaran, cinnamyl booze, vinylguaiacol, hexenyl tiglate, eugenol, hexenyl hexenoate, β-ionone, dihydroactinidiolide, α-copaene, hexenyl benzoate, eudesmol, eudesmol, epi-α-cadinol, β-eudesmol, α-eudesmol, α-cadinol, pentadecanal, palmitic acid and itaconic anhydride, 3-methylcyclopentane-one, ii-dione
Ficus auriculata Leaves and fruits Ether, chloroform and ethanol Flavonols Kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin [29]
Phenolic acids Betulinic acid, lupeol
Sterols Stigmasterol, bergapten, scopoletin, β-sitosterol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside
Ficus sycomorus Whole plant North-butanol, ethanol and methanol Flavonoids Quercetin, quercetin iii-O-l-rhamnopyranosyl (one-6)-β-d-glucopyranoside, quercetin iii-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (isoquercitrin), quercetin three,vii-O-α-l-dirhamnoside, quercetin, 3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl(i-6)-glucopyranoside [30]
Sterol β-Sitosterol-iii-β-d-glucopyranoside
Phenolic acids Gallic acid
Ficus carica Dried fruit Water Flavonoids Alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, rennin, caoutchouc, resin, albumin, cerin, sugar and terpenes [31]
Latex Water Enzymes Proteolytic enzymes, diastase, esterase, lipase, catalase, and peroxidase [32]
Phenolic acids Malic acrid
Leaves Water Coumarins Psoralen and bergapten [33]
Flavonoids Rutin, quercetin, and luteolin
Phenolic acids Ferulic acid
Phytosterols Taraxasterol, psoralen and bergapten (five-methoxypsoralen)
Pulp Water Phenolic acids Chlorgenic acid
Peel Water Coumarins and sterol Quercitin-3-O-rutinoside, psoralen
Ficus benghalensis Aeriform roots Water and methanol Polyphenols Saponins, tannins, glucoside and flavonoids [fourteen]
Sterol β-Sitosterol-α-d-glucose and meso-inositol
Ficus capensis Stalk bark Water Polyphenols Alkaloids, balsams, carbohydrates, flavonoids, gratis anthraquinones, tannins, glycosides, terpenes, resins, sterols and saponins, glycosides [34]
Leaves Water Volatile compounds Carvacrol, α-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, linalool, iii-tetradecanone, geranylacetone, three,7,eleven-trimethyl-three-hydroxy-6;x-dodecadiene-i-yl acetate, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, α-caryophyllene, 2-methyl-iii-hexyne and scytalone [35]
Ficus polita Vahl Roots Water Phenolic acids Betulinic acid and ursolic acid [36]
Anthocyanins Trihydroxy-stilbene-3, 5-O-β-d-diglucopyranoside, euphol-3-ocinnamate, lupeol, taraxar-14-ene
Ficus microcarpa Aerial roots Triterpenoids Friedelin, lupeol, oleanolic acid, ursolic acids [37]
Leaves Flavoinoids Catechin, epicatechin and isovitexin
Ficus retusa Leaves Methanol Polyphenols 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acrid-dibutyl ester, phenol, 4-(2aminopropyl), butyrolactone [38]
Aerial parts Ethanol Flavonols Luteolin, afzelechin, catechin, vitexin, β-sitosterol acetate, β-amyrin acetate, moretenone, β-amyrin [39]
Sterols β-Sitosterol, friedelenol
Ficus palmata Stem bawl H2o Anthocyanins Cetyl behenate, lupeol, α-amyrin acetate [40]
Leaves and bawl Water Sterols β-Sitosterol and a new tetracyclic tritepene-glaunol acetate
Ficus thunbergii Fresh leaves and stalk Methanol Anthocyanins Amyrin acetate, α-amyrin acetate, lupeol, β-amyrin, α-amyrin, rhoiptelenol, 3α-hydroxyisohop-22(29)-en-24-oic acrid, lupenyl acetate [41]
Phenolic acids Ursolic acid, betulinic acid
Ficus cordata Stem bark Water Terpenes Pentacyclic triterpenes 8,26-cyclo-urs-21-en3β, 20β-diol and 3β-acetoxy-viii, 26-cyclo-ursan-20β-ol and also iii-friedelanone [42]
Phenolic acids Oleanolic acid, betulinic acid
Anthocyanins Lupeol acetate, α and β amyrine, three,v,7,4′-tetra hydroxyl flavones
Ficus deltoidea Leaves Hot and cold water Flavonols Triterpene, conrauidienol, and dihydroflavonol, conrauiflavonol, 3,4',v-trihydroxy-vi'',6''-dimethylpyrano[two,3-thousand]flavone [43, 44, 45]
Anthocyanin β-amyrin acetate, 6β-hydroxystigmasta-4,22-dien-iii-1, 8-prenylapigenin
Phenolic acid Betulinic acid, ursolic acrid
Flavonoids Luteolin, catechin, epigallocatechin, orientin
Sterol β-Sitosterol glucoside
Ficus tsiela Whole found H2o Phenolic acid Gallic acrid [46]
Anthocyanin 3, β-hydroksilup-20(29)-en, (lupeol)
Polyphenols Carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, resins, fatty, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. Alkaloids and steroid were absent [47]

Table 1.

Phytochemical quality of various parts of commonly used species of Ficus .

Ficus species Plant parts ES TPC TFC TF AAC TAC TSC TA References
Ficus benghalensis Roots Ethanol seventy mg/one thousand excerpt 5 mg QE/g extract three mg QE/g extract [48]
Ficus deltoidea Lurid Water 0.49–0.88 mg GAE/g [49]
Ficus microcarpa Leaves Hexane six.6–9.5 M/TE [50]
F virens Dried leaves Hexane 17.44 mg/g iii.87 mg/g [51]
F racemosa Dried leaves Methanol 7.83 mg/thousand 1.05 mg/g [51]
Ficus carica Fruit Ethanol 28.6–211.19 mg GAE/100 g FW, eleven.9 mg/m of DM 2.75 μg CE/mg sample 9.six% 0.59% 0.0–298.6 μg cy-3-rutinoside/k FW [52, 53]
Ficus deltoidea Fruit Hexane 259.ii mg GAE/g [54]
Methanol 245.2 mg GAE/chiliad
Chloroform 159.2 mg GAE/g
Ficus indica Pulp Methanol 28–30 mg/100 thousand extract [55]

Table 2.

Phytochemical content of various parts of commonly used species of Ficus .

ES: extracting solvents, TPC: total phenolic content, TFC: total flavonoid content, TF: total flavonols, AAC: ascorbic acid content, TAC: total alkaloid content, TSC: total saponin content, TA: total anthocyanins, DM: dried fabric, QE: quercetin equivalent, TE: trolox equivalent, ep: edible pulp, GAE: gallic acid equivalent, FW: fresh weight.

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4. Antioxidant composition

Antioxidants are the substances which can scavenge costless radicals and reduce the oxidative stress in the living and nonliving systems. The antioxidants possess electron donating ability and inhibit the complimentary radical-mediated oxidative reactions by diverse mechanisms, such as, hydrogen donation, metallic chelation, metal and lipid reduction, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and free radical inhibition [56, 57, 58, 59, lx]. Free radicals are the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species which are produced during diverse biochemical reactions peculiarly redox reactions. If not controlled properly, these free radicals may initiate the chain reactions in the biomolecules particularly the lipids and protein, cause the oxidative stress, and finally atomic number 82 to the oxidative damage to the cell organelles, cells and tissues [24]. The oxidative harm to the cells and tissues may further lead to various health problems including cardiovascular, neurological, hepatic, and musculoskeletal abnormalities and aging. In nonliving system, the free radicals cause oxidative stress and rancidity in the food stuff for human [25]. The naturally occurring antioxidant compounds have been proved to be effective in preventing the oxidative damage to the living and nonliving systems [26]. These substances are either synthesized endogenously or taken from exogenous natural sources such as plants. The naturally occurring antioxidants include some enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and some not-enzymatic phytochemicals compounds including phenolic acids, polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, ascorbic acrid, tocopherols, and β-carotenes [27, 28]. Some synthetic antioxidant compounds have been besides reported to exist constructive against complimentary radical-induced oxidative damage [29].

The antioxidant profile of various parts of Ficus species is presented in Table 3. Different parts of Ficus plants have been reported to showed antioxidant activity in terms of Trolox equivalent antioxidant chapters, ferric reducing antioxidant power, lipid reducing activity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and costless radical scavenging capacity against two,2-diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals in a dose dependent vstronger antioxidant activeness due to relatively higher concentration of phenolic components [30].

Ficus species Part ES TEAC* FRAC DPPH-RSC ABT-RSC ILP LRA References
Ficus racemosa Stem Methanol 16.ii% 8615.3 mmol/g DM [61]
Bark Ethanol 79% 10884.6 μmol/g DM
Roots Water 0.five–0.26 mg/ml
Ficus virens sublanceolata Leaves H2o 0.13–0.66 mg/ml IC50: 0.34 mg/ml IC50: 0.23 mg/ml 83.xxx% [51]
Ficus vasculosa Leaves Methanol 0.07–0.26 mg/ml IC50: 0.69 mg/ml IC50: 0.97 mg/ml [51]
Ficus indica Mouse liver Normal saline 4.20–v.31 μmol TE/thousand ep ECfifty: 313.3 μg/ml [55, 62]
Craven liver Normal saline EC50: 333.8 μg/ml
Ficus callosa Fruit Methanol 0.08–0.33 mg/ml IC50: 0.95 mg/ml ICfifty: 0.35 mg/ml 41–83% [51]
Ficus palmate Fruit Methanol 77.6 mg AC/100 g FW 104.9 mg CE/100 g FW 577.09 mg BH/100 g FW [63, 64]
Ethanol 146.67 mg Air-conditioning/100 chiliad FW 146.nine mg CE/100 g FW 729.45 mg BH/100 g F W
Ficus auriculata Roots Acetone 0.ane–0.45 mg/ml ICfifty: 0.29 mg/ml ICfifty: 0.25 mg/ml 41–83% [51]
Ficus virens Bark H2o 0.06–0.32 mg/ml IC50: 1.03 mg/ml IC50: 0.48 mg/ml [51]
Leaves Methanol SC50 (74.00 μg/ml) [65]
Ficus oligodon Leaves Acetone 0.04–0.22 mg/ml IC50: ii.54 mg/ml IC50: 0.86 mg/ml 41.40% [51]
Ficus benghalensis Aerial roots Methanol 71% 6096.ane μmol/g DM [61, 66]
Acetone, Water 0.1–1.0 mg/ml 96.07% 6182.7 μmol/g DM
Ficus auriculata Stalk bark Methanol 84.088% [67]
Stem bawl Chloroform 83.864%
Stem bawl Hexane 42%
Ficus caprefolia Leaves Acetone 2.32%, 4.73 mg GAE/g DW [68]
Ficus carica Leaves Hexane, water 14.04%, 23.fifty acetate/k DW seven.9–16.1 mmol/kg FW 11.42 mmol/100 g DW 6.48 mmol/100 g DW [52, 69, 70]
Ficus carica Fruit Dichloromethane IC50: 0.02 mg/ml [71]
Due north hexane IC50: 1.64 mg/ml
Ficus glomerata Root, Bawl H2o ICl: 1.62–47.50 μg/ml IC50: 0.91–6.48 μg/ml 86.thirteen% [72]
Ficus cordata Leaves Acetone 2.65%, viii.23 mg GAE/g DW [68]
Ficus pumila L Leaves Ethanol SCfifty > 0.4 mmol/100 g DW [73]
Ficus sur Bark Water 489.iv mg GAE/grand DW 104.57 μmol FSE/mg DE 56.fifty QE/mg DE [74]
Unripe fruit 62.34 GAE/g DW 19.61 μmol FSE/mg DW 7.iii QE/mg DE
Ficus craterostoma Leaves Acetone 2.threescore%, 9.80 mg GAE/g DW [68]
Ficus religiosa Fruit Methanol 55.9% 93.91% [75]
Ficus deltoidea Fruit Water 5.89 mg GAE/g DW ane.82 mmol FSE/thousand DE IC50 = 111.20 μg/ml 1.01–1.04 mmol TE/g DE [76]
Ficus glumosa Leaves Acetone ii.threescore%, nineteen.24 mg GAE/grand DW [68]
Ficus microcarpa Bawl Ethyl acetate 436 mg GAE/k DW 63.2 μg/ml one.ii μg/ml 4.83 μg/ml [71]
Leaves Ethanol 86.thirteen%
Hexane 86.76%
Ficus cunninghamii Leaves Ethanol 90.70% [71]
Hexane 88.97%
Ficus mysorensis Leaves Ethanol 90.13% [71]
Hexane 94.38%
Ficus microcarpa Fruit Water organic solvents 17.9 grand GAE/one thousand DW [22]
Ficus lyrata Warb Leaves Ethanol SC50 (viii.27, 12.14 μg/ml) 80.41% [65]
Methanol SCfifty (38.37 mg/ml) [65]
Ficus nitida L. Dried leaves Methanol SC50 (61.67 μg/ml) [65]
Ficus afzelii Yard. Pulp Methanol SC50 (60.22 μg/ml) [65]
Ficus decora Hort Leaves Methanol SC50 (81.62 μg/ml) [65]
Ficus lutea Leaves Acetone three.70%, 56.85 mg GAE/g DW [68]
Ficus natalensis Leaves Acetone 2.35%, 4.75 mg GAE/k DW [68]
Ficus polita Leaves Acetone 3.15%, 8.04 mg GAE/m DW [68]
Ficus religiosa Leaves Acetone 2.45%,5.forty mg GAE/thousand DW [68]
Ficus sycomorus Leaves Acetone, hexane and methanol 2.60%, 12.33 mg GAE/g DW SC50 (79.fifty μg/ml) 82.35% [65, 68]
Ficus thonningii Leaves Acetone 2.40%, four.64 mg GAE/g DW [68]
Ficus macrophylla Leaves Ethanol 86.forty% [71]

Table 3.

Antioxidant potential of extracts from diverse parts of Ficus species.

ES: extracting solvent, ABTS-RSC: azino-bis-tetrazolium sulfate radical scavenging chapters, DE: dry extract, DM: dry out matter, DPPH-RSC: ii,2-diphenyl-ane-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity, DW: dry weight, FRAC: ferric-reducing antioxidant capacity, FSE: ferrous sulfate equivalent, FW: fresh weight, GAE: gallic acid equivalent, IC50: inhibitory concentration required for 50% inhibition, QE: quercetin equivalent, SC50: scavenging concentration for required for 50% scavenging, TEAC: trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, TE: trolox equivalent, BH: butylated hydroxyanisole, FW: fruit weight, CE: catechin equivalents, ILP: inhibition of lipid peroxidation, LRA: lipid reducing power.


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5. Biological activities

On the basis of their phytochemical composition and antioxidant profile, Ficus species have been found to bear witness several biological activities (Table 4). The studied species of Ficus plants were found to possess anticancer, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, antitumor, antioxidant, anthelmintic, analgesic, antimicrobial activity, anti-parasitic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-ulcerogenic, mucoprotective, gastroprotective, antifungal, antiviral, antimalarial, and antiparasitic activities [43, 69]. However, the antibacterial action has been found to be more than common in unlike species of Ficus .

Ficus species Institute part Extracting solvent Action References
Ficus racemosa Whole Ethanol Anticancer activity by reduction of lipid peroxidation, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and xanthine oxidase and by generation of hydrogen peroxide [77]
Bark Methanol Hepatoprotective activity by reducing the activities of ALT, AST and ALP [four]
Whole Ethanol Hypoglycemic activity by decreasing blood glucose level [4]
Ficus religiosa Fruit Water Antitumor activity due to blockage of calcium uptake in pituitary cells [13]
Whole H2o Antioxidant and antidiabetic activeness with lowering the superoxide dismutase exaggerated activity [78]
Whole Methanol Anthelmintic activeness with 100% effectiveness [79]
Whole Water Antimicrobial activity with inhibition zone against B. subtilis [four]
Bawl Methanol Anti-parasitic outcome with 100% lethality for Haemonchus contortus worms [79]
Ficus benghalensis Bark Water Antioxidant and hypolipidemic activeness by reduction in lipid peroxidation, cholesterol level and triacylglycerol [lxxx]
Fruit Water Anticancer and antibacterial activity but no antifungal activeness [81]
Roots Various polarity solvents Anti-inflammatory and analgesic action [82]
Whole Methanol Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity due to inhibition of malanodialdehyde formation [82]
Ficus hispida Roots Methanol Antiulcerogenic activeness with cytoprotective nature of constituents [83]
Ficus arnottiana Leafs Methanol Mucoprotective activity and gastric antisecretory [23]
Ficus carica Leaves Methanol Hepatoprotective activity with subtract in lipid peroxides with cytochrome p450 complex inhibition
Ficus glomerata Fruit Ethanol Gastroprotective result [84]
Fruit Phenol Anti ulcerogenic, antimutagenic and anti cancerogenic compounds [84]
Ficus polita Vahl Whole Water Antiviral activity due to inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity of HIV-ane [85]
Leaves Water Antimalarial activity confronting Plasmodium falciparum . [86]
Ficus lyrata Leaves H2o, ethanol Meaning antibacterial activity [35]
Leaves Water Actuate against standard human pathogenic yeasts strains [87]
Ficus Tsiela Leaves Diethyl ether Anti-pneumonia action [88]
Ficus sycomorus Fifty Leaves Water Significant antibacterial activity but no antifungal activeness [35]
Ficus deltoidea Leaves and fruits Alcohol Antifungal and antibacterial activities [89]
Ficus platyphylla Stem bark Water Antimicrobial activities confronting Southward. aureus [65]
Ficus thonningii Foliage H2o Significant antimicrobial upshot [xc]
Ficus lutea Leaves Acetone Act as potent inhibitor of α-amylase [68]

Table four.

Biological activities of extracts from various parts of Ficus species.

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6. Medicinal importance

Ficus species have been used as traditional medicines to cure diseases, such as, astringents carminatives, stomachic, vermicides, hypotensive, anthelmintic and anti-dysentery drugs [18]. Ficus species, such equally, Ficus racemosa , F. glomerata , F. glumosa , F. carica , F. religiosa and F. benghalensis are known from ancient times as herbal medicines to treat diabetic disorders as regulating enzymatic activities, carbohydrates absorption rate, increasing insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, hepatic glycogen synthesis, peripheral glucose uptake and antioxidant status of body [19]. The extracts of these species also reduce oxidative stress by improving weight gain in diabetic male rats [20]. Aqueous bark extract of F. benghalensis have been found to be agile in lowering the cholesterol level in hypercholesterolemic rats [14, 15]. Methanolic extract of F. carica leaves prevent top of lipid peroxide in rats past acting as hepatoprotective agent [21]. Methanolic extracts of F. hispida roots exhibit anti ulcerogenic activeness due to college concentration of flavonoids in roots. Methanolic leaf excerpt of F. arnottiana exhibits both mucoprotective as well as gastric antisecretory activities due to antioxidant constituents [22, 23].

Almost all of the Ficus species belonging to family Moraceae haven traditionally used every bit folk medicine to cure respiratory disorders and skin diseases. The roots of Ficus species are important to treat gout and gums diseases that have anthelmintic activity. Fruit of Ficus species, such as, F. carica , F. hispida , F. microcarpa and F. sycomorus has been institute to exist helpful improving digestion or treating vomiting. Dried powder of bawl has importance to care for burns or Asthma [4]. F. benjamina exhibits antitumor action or antibacterial activity only is unable to work on fungal disorders [13, 14]. Leaves of F. religiosa exhibit hypotensive activity and aid in treating the gastrointestinal problems [9, 56, 57]. Bark of F. religiosa shows hypoglycemic activity and is used against gonorrhea, bleeding, paralysis, diarrhea, bone fracture, antiseptic, astringent and antidote [58, 59]. Information technology has been also used against liver disorders, hemorrhoid, urinary tract infections and inflammatory weather condition by different mechanisms [60].

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7. Conclusion

All species of Ficus constitute possess antioxidant potential due to higher concentration of phytochemical compounds. They have a valuable role in human nutrition or accept a great medicinal importance due the presence of a multifariousness of bioactive phytochemical compounds. The master phytochemicals present in Ficus species are polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, glycosides, carotenoids, and some water-soluble vitamins. The presence of these phytochemicals makes Ficus a medicinal plant which shows various biological activities peculiarly the antioxidant activity. On the account of its high antioxidant potential, all parts of Ficus plant can be used for the direction of oxidative stress and the treatment of various diseases.

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Conflict of interest

The authors accept no conflict of interest regarding this chapter.

References

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Written By

Haq Nawaz, Rashem Waheed and Mubashir Nawaz

Submitted: January 14th, 2019 Reviewed: April 26th, 2019 Published: November 27th, 2019

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in whatever medium, provided the original piece of work is properly cited.

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